Kyrgyzstan :: essays research papers

The collapse of the Soviet Union created 15 new states. These states over the last 5 years have all struggled with economic, ethnic, political and territorial problems left to them by the Soviet empire. Kyrgyzstan, is a former Soviet Republic (FSR) located in the Central Asia. This paper will give a statistical representation of the state, Kyrgyzstan. The statistical data will reflect the basic geography of the subject country containing population, size and location. This miniature report will also contain brief descriptions of current political and economic situations. Included in the current information section of this report, is an outlook for possible near future events concerning both political stability and economy. Kyrgyzstan is located in the southern area of the former Soviet Union. Its boarders are defined by China to the east (& South), Kazakhstan to the north (& Northwest), Uzbekistan directly west and Tajikistan to the south (& Southwest). Kyrgyzstan features 76,641 square miles of land, which consisted of .9% of the former USSR's land-mass. The land is primarily used for pastoral purposes. Only 7% of the farmable land is cultivated. The population is approximated to be 4,258,000 people (see Figure A). The Kyrgyzstan populace has experienced a 25.3% growth in population during the last 12 years (Population Growth Data from 1979-1991), and a birthrate at 29.1/1000. Population distribution is 61.9% in rural areas and 38.1% in urban centers. City & Population The top 4 cities are: Bishkek (formally Frunze) 616,000 (Capitol) Osh 213,000 Przhevalsk 64,000 Naryn 26,000 In June of 1990 ethnic violence arose in the city of Oh. Kyrgyz clashed with Uzbeks resulting in a bloody conflict which was eventually suppressed by Soviet Interior Ministry troops. This clash outlined political and economic problems present in Kyrgyzstan even when the USSR was still existent. These ethnic clashes in Oh served to cement political groups who were organizing outside of the communist party during Perestroika. It also gave voice to the large economic problems in central Kyrgyzstan. The "head of state" and leader of the communist party in Kyrgyzstan was Absamat Masaliev. Masaliev invoked policies which were rigid and served to enhance the existing social problems. Because of the decline present in the government's abilities to meet the expectations of the populace, the allowances granted by the Perestroika police and ethnic tensions, communist authority in Kyrgyzstan was challenged. The communist party's rule came to an end in October of that same year.

Debts of Good Will and Interpersonal Justice :: Sociology Sociological Papers

Debts of Good Will and Interpersonal Justice ABSTRACT: A debt of good will (utang na loob in Filipino) is incurred when a person becomes the beneficiary of significant assistance or favor given by another. Usually, the beneficiary is in acute need of the assistance given or favor granted. This provides an opportunity for the giving of help to serve as a vehicle for the expression of sympathy or concern. The debt could then be appreciated as one of good will because, by catering to another person's pressing need, the benefactor is able to express positive dispositions towards the beneficiary. It is not merely the receipt of the assistance or favor that puts the recipient in a position of indebtedness. The indebtedness is created by the benefactor's kagandahang loob (good will). An act can be considered to convey kagandahang loob only if it is done out of kusang loob (roughly, free will); and can only be considered to have been done out of kusang loob if the agent (1) is not acting under external compulsion, (2) is motivated by p ositive feelings (e.g. charity, love or sympathy) towards the beneficiary, and (3) is not motivated by the anticipation of reward. These conditions entail debt-of-good-will relationships where the benefactor has no right to demand reciprocity but the beneficiary has a "self-imposed" obligation to repay kagandahang loob with kagandahang loob. Debts of good will are about some forms of justice. But we should not reduce all talk about debts of good will to talk about justice. Debts of gratitude are, in general, incurred by people who receive help or favors from others. But to say that a person has a debt of gratitude is not merely to say that he should be thankful for the assistance given. The indebtedness concerned is not confined to actual benefits received. In recognizing a debt of gratitude, one also recognizes the good will manifested by the benefactor in providing assistance or granting a favor. For this reason, this paper refers to "debts of good will" instead of "debts of gratitude." The contention is that the former terminology focuses attention on important features of the concept that the words "debt of gratitude" fail to capture. Another reason for the use of the preferred term in this paper is that the equivalent of "good will" in the Filipino language – kagandahang loob – has an important significance in related ethical theory.

Is Rationalisation a Desirable Strategy?

Foundations of Managing and Organising – Essay 1 Is rationalisation a desirable strategy for managing and organising Junction Hotel in the current economic climate? Junction Hotel is an ‘upmarket, city centre hotel with proud tradition of strong customer service with a traditional approach’. (2012, pp. 2-3) FoM Seminar workbook 1 – 2012-13). Simon Chance is the newly appointed C. E. O of the hotel in hope to restore the glorious hotel there once was. Simon Chance is a venture capitalist and president of Second-Chance consortium and is willing to step up to the challenge of updating the hotel through the way it operates, looks and how its run.Problems with the hotel range from poor management and organisation to dated equipment and deteriorating interior. This does not impress the high-class clientele the Hotel claims to cater for. The poor condition of the hotel matched with the very expensive room charges is not something customers will oblige to pay for e specially in the current economy where people’s expenses are rising alongside taxation and a poor economic climate leaving people with less disposable income.Furthermore, with the worldwide hotel sector looking as if it will be much more profitable there will be increased competition for Junction Hotel and a wider choice of hotels for customers to choose from. (MarketingCharts Staff, February 21, 2012. Hotel Industry Poised for 2012. http://www. marketingcharts. com/direct/hotel-industry-poised-for-2012-growth-21201/). Chance has decided a new business strategy is what Junction Hotel needs in order to regain the success it once had and looks at rationalisation as a potential strategy.Rationalisation is organising a business through principles of management in order to gain efficiency often accomplished through downsizing e. g. reducing workforce or selling/closing plants. By increasing efficiency it can cut hotel running costs of which the money can be spent on renovating the run down hotel. A problem with the current state of Junction Hotel is the lack of clear roles and job titles, which can be seen as almost essential today for all businesses.A more bureaucratic approach would be a great way to overcome this. This would include a clear hierarchy of authority usually presented in an organisational chart appointing each staff member their place in the organisation and who they answer to i. e. who their supervisor/s are. At the moment there is confusion with a number of staff as to what their roles are such as Linda Wilkinson whose responsibility is continually growing ranging from cleaning staff to reception staff to maintenance etc.This poses a problem as there is no division of labour which instantly reduces efficiency in the organisation as employees may not be clear on what to do and therefore there may be more people than necessary doing a specific job or important tasks left altogether. Furthermore, there is confusion over the roles in the restau rant with the Head Chef and Wilkinson both wanting control over the waiting staff. A well thought out organisation chart will indicate the position of each employee very clearly and means everyone should be able to cope with the workload thus minimising mistakes.It may be that Chance needs to hire more supervisors as Wilkinson seems to be accountable for many of the staff – a much higher ratio than what would be ideal. Morgan, G, (2006) â€Å"Mechanization Takes Command: Organizations as Machines† from Morgan, G, Images of Organization p 19 states that there should be Unity of Command meaning an employee should receive orders from only one supervisor as well as a low Span of Control meaning the number of employees reporting to one supervisor should not be so large that it creates communication problems.It is evident that this is not the case in Junction Hotel and the problems of this are beginning to show. (REFERENCE ABOUT SPECIALISATION e. g. relating to mcdonalds/tra velodge). Taking this more bureaucratic approach will enable Chance to make the workforce more rational and organised allowing efficiency of work to increase. Chance may decide the workers are unmotivated if rationalisation is put into action. By allocating specific jobs especially monotonous labour that is carried out day in day out workers may feel dehumanised and can get easily bored.This is a downside of the strategy Chance wishes to use however, there have been studies such as the Hawthorne studies which suggest it is possible to overcome these problems. Furthermore, on the plus side work at Junction Hotel is not as repetitive and dehumanising as factory workers who worked for Taylor or Ford and is even better than much of today’s work which has been a victim of ‘McDonaldization’. Ritzer, G. (2008) The Mcdonaldization of society p. 7 claims due to efficiency ‘Managers†¦ gain because more work gets done, more customers are served and more profits a re earned’ and therefore aim to achieve greatest efficiency which is defined as ‘choosing the optimum means to a given end’. This type of rational organisation is very mechanical, employees work solely for monetary rewards and work is very individual. This type of working environment would not suit Junction Hotel as a hotel is a very social place where workers need to communicate with each other and customers.This type of work environment in modern society would be found in a fast food restaurant such as McDonalds – here monotonous tasks are continuously carried out by the workers and even what they say is scripted. This would not work well in the Junction Hotel setting as each customer in the hotel will have different queries besides â€Å"would you want the receptionist to have the same conversation with you as somebody serving you in McDonalds? † (FoM Seminar (2012) Nottingham Trent University). Furthermore, the Hawthorne Studies found that there are many factors that changed the output workers produced.I feel these are not entirely relevant to the workers at Junction Hotel because a lot of the jobs to do at Junction Hotel are more concerned with the quality than the quantity. For example there are only 100 rooms to clean though these should although be done quickly there should be certainty that each room is spotless to maintain this luxurious hotel image. Changes in the light level won’t have much impact on the rate of work in the Hotel or have much impact on customers as they are not really buying products. Such changes may be necessary in the restaurant as here it is important for food to be made and served quickly.Overall, I think rationalisation is a much needed strategy but not in the way it is made clear to us in the modern day e. g. by dehumanising workers and giving them simple, boring tasks to do. It is important for Junction Hotel to gain a structure/hierarchy as well as division of labour to occur though there is a risk of workers being stripped of their individuality and therefore a line must be drawn at how bureaucratic the organisation should become as it must remain a high class venue and not equivalent to a Travelodge where there are hundreds of venues which look and operate the same and include no perks for the customer.REFEERNCE LIST: Anon. (2012, pp. 2-3) FoM Seminar workbook 1 – 2012-13 MarketingCharts Staff, February 21, 2012. Hotel Industry Poised for 2012. http://www. marketingcharts. com/direct/hotel-industry-poised-for-2012-growth-21201/ Morgan, G, (2006, p 19) â€Å"Mechanization Takes Command: Organizations as Machines† from Morgan, G, Images of Organization Ritzer, G. (2008, p. 57) The Mcdonaldization of society Anon. (2012) FoM Seminar Nottingham Trent University

Comparisons Between Cystology, Histology, and Pathology.

Michelle Hatton-Cowan Professor Micah Parker BHSR-115-01 16 March 2013 Putting the Pieces Together While recently putting a puzzle together with my family I realized that we had a very certain way of putting it together. We had the person who laid out all the pieces and was constantly looking for the ones that went together. Another person would carefully put pieces together that the first person had laid out and make sure there were no discrepancies. The last person would oversee everyone else.They would make sure pieces were going where they should be, and everyone would report back to the main person who was overseeing everything. If one was to look at any career or field they have trained in or worked in they would see that there is a hierarchy to each position. It is one person helping the next person to figure out one main objective or goal. The Careers of a Cytologist, Histologist, and Pathologist work very closely together; so closely it’s almost like they are putting a puzzle together, in such a way one can’t just do all of the jobs but there must be someone in each area of the field to complete the main objective. Read Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsCytologists are the people working on the puzzle that lay the pieces out for the person in charge to oversee and direct them at what they should be looking for. They are â€Å"biologists who specialize in the study of formation, structure, and function of cells† (â€Å"cytology†). I like that fact that they have independent work with very little supervision. There is room for rapid job growth. A reported â€Å"14% job growth through 2018† (Tolia). I do not like that cytologist’s have major exposure to specimens and chemical fumes that can be very hazardous.There may be a rapid job growth projected for cytologists but only â€Å"thirty-one accredited cytotechnologist programs are available in the United States† (Tolia). Cytologists can work in many different health care facilities. They have the option of working in â€Å"hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, physicians’ offices, outpatient care centers and home health care† (Tolia). To become a cytologist, one will need to complete a bachelor’s degree program and finish a one to two year program accredited by the Commission of Allied Health Education Programs in Cytotechnology. Most Employers prefer that the cytologist pass the ASCP’s ational Technologist in Cytoechnology certification exam. A cytologist must complete this program every three years to remain certified (Tolia). â€Å"Cytologists are either paid by the hour or through an annual salary. According to Salary. com, the median annual income for a cytologist is $62,401, with the least well compensated quarter of practitioners making less than $56,810 and the highest paid quarter making over $$67,386. According to Payscale, cytologists command an average salary of between $24. 47 and $31. 20 per hour, with standard time-and-a-half rates for overtime† (Wolfe).Cytologist’s play a large role in medical decisions and work closely with pathologists. â €Å"Cytologists can also gain industry recognition by submitting their written articles for publication and applying for front-cover exposure in the ASCT's publication† (Tolia). Cytologists must know how to read the doctor’s orders by using their knowledge of Medical terminology. Cytologists must use and communicate with their knowledge of Medical Terminology because all the work they do ultimately goes back to the doctor and goes along in response to the original order.When a cytologist is reporting they will also report to the histologist who â€Å"plays an important role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease† (Torres). The next step in putting more pieces of the puzzle together is the histologist. The histologist â€Å"examines and analyzes cells and body fluids. They search for parasites, bacteria and other microorganisms† (Torres). I like that histologists â€Å"work in medical laboratories with pathologists and other laboratory expe rts† (Torres). Histology is a very important tool of medicine and biology.I like that they serve as a detective trying to figure out different diseases and cell structures. Histology would not be a job for me because I do not like the many hours spent on my feet observing tiny little particles though a microscope. I do not have the time, patience, or eye sight for this job. Histologists must have very good eyesight to be able to point out the discrepancies in cells, which good eyesight is something I don’t have. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the demand for histologists will grow about 14 percent between 2006 and 2016. The median hourly wage for histologists in the United States is $22. 68 per hour and their median annual salary is $47,174, according to the Mayo Clinic† (Gray). Histologists have the opportunity to work in many different career settings including; the hospital, diagnostic laboratories, and many different outpatient settings. â€Å"Fo r an entry-level position as a histologist, an applicant will need to have a bachelor's degree with a major in medical technology or one of the life sciences.Bachelor's degrees in this field will usually include courses in chemistry, microbiology, statistics and biological sciences, as well as specialized courses devoted to skills used in the clinical laboratory. However, it is possible to fill some positions while having a combination of on-the-job training and formal education. Generally, one will usually have at least an associate's degree. Many employers require applicants to have certification from recognized professional associations, such as the American Society for Clinical Pathology, the American Medical Technologist or the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel† (Torres).Histologists are important to our United States Health Care System because they are like the detectives of disease, and play an important role in the detection, diagnosis and treatmen t of disease. Histologists use their knowledge of Medical Terminology to read what orders the doctors have given to them. They are able to follow the guidance of the pathologist, who histologists work very closely with, to determine probable diseases and to diagnose a patient. The last person to put pieces of our puzzle together is the pathologist. A  pathologist  is a physician who examines tissues, checks the accuracy of lab tests, and interprets the results in order to facilitate the patient’s diagnosis and treatment† (â€Å"Pathologist†). They oversee the cytologist and the histologist. I love that pathologists work very closely with the doctor and the patient on a daily basis. Pathology has many different career opportunities including a clinical pathologist, anatomic pathologist and a forensic pathologist. I do not like the scrutiny that is placed on their job.If they mess up one little thing or read a smear of cells the wrong way and give the wrong dia gnose it could be fatal for the patient. â€Å"There are approximately  13,000 to 14,000 board certified pathologists in the United States who practice their specialty. Starting salaries  for newly-certified pathologists can range from about $126,000 to $150,000 per year† (â€Å"Pathologist†). Pathologists have the opportunity to work in the community, in universities, in government hospitals and clinics, independent laboratories, or in private offices, clinics, and other health care acilities (Pathologist). â€Å"In order to work as a pathologist, you must have a successful undergraduate career; score well on your Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and secure a place at a medical school to earn your medical degree (Torres). Medical school is not easy to get into, but after the student secures a place in medical school and finishes with Doctor of Medicine, they must secure a position in a three to four year residency program (Torres). After the residency progra m the student will take a national licensing exam to become certified in their state.Pathologists are extremely important to our United States healthcare system. They are the problem solvers to today’s medical mysteries. Pathologists us their knowledge of medical terminology every day by interpreting laboratory tests that are done by a cytologist and histologist and then they relay that information back to the doctor or patient. The puzzle is now complete with the help of the pathologist. Every person plays an important part of putting the puzzle together. Cytologists help us to identify the different cells and tissues. Histologists help us identify different disease found within the cells and tissues.Lastly, pathologists help us confer all of our results and relay them to the doctor and the patient. All three careers must be able to properly use their knowledge of medical terminology in an effort to communicate efficiently to the doctor. All information communicated to the d octor is in an effort to help save a patient’s life. Works Cited â€Å"cytology. †Ã‚  The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 18 Mar. 2013  http://www. thefreedictionary. com/cytology â€Å"Cytologist. †Ã‚  MedFriendly. N. p.. Web. 18 Mar 2013. . Gray, Carolyn. â€Å"Salary. †Ã‚  Histologist Salary. N. p.. Web. 18 Mar 2013.

Selective pick of a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Selective pick of a topic - Essay Example er reality you are facing for a little time, and then course book reading obviously enable you to pass the course and help you get entered into the new standard. The writer of the readable material you consider has a very significant role in the choosing of your reading material as well. I remember when I was 14; I was anxiously waiting for a novel to get published by my favorite writer Naseem Hijazi. But when it came in my market my friend told me that the novel was not that much good at the expectations we had and the market response was very nil towards it. I decided not to read it but to buy another writer’s book. But sooner I got into the shop I bought my favorite writer’s novel and read the whole 623 pages just because that was written by my favorite writer. The novel’s name was â€Å"Aakhri Chitan† and was written on the history of Muslims rulers when they conquered sub-continent and is about the era of Changez khan and Tataris. Reading pushes you in the world of fantasy and enables you to imagine the objects you read. Imagination is a very good facet that leads you to motivation and courage to do any diffi cult task you come across in your

Amrican literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Amrican literature - Essay Example It is because American and America were empty reflections of each other. It seemed to be a tussle of who define whom between individual and nation (McWilliams 6). Henry David Thoreau was a disciple of Emerson and he followed Emerson like no one. His experiment Walden allowed him to manifest Adam. He represented deliberate living and rejected traditional ideas and historical Christianity. He separated himself from the corruption that is believed to be in the roots of 19th century New England. He rediscovered American Adam and the values that he holds important by challenging the old and strongly held beliefs. His masterpiece, Walden is a wakeup call to recover and maintain American Adam’s innocence by genuine self-reflection and exploring human nature and of wilderness. It starts with the restrictions imposed on personal freedom and ends with the new and promising future that is waiting for new American (Keenan 37-38). Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau represented American as optimistic innocent who is an authentic man. The figure as Emerson referred, â€Å"the plain old Adam, the simple genuine self against the whole world† (Qtd. in Keenan 37).He is unconventional and free from past limitations. He values future and optimistic. An American is focused on future and believes in the promise of new America. Innocence is subjected to vulnerability and it changes with experiences as it is with American Adam. Emerson briefly touches this confrontation in terms of â€Å"party of Hope† and the â€Å"party of Memory,† and advocated the former quite enthusiastically. According to his belief, America is a new beginning for men that show a bright future because of an optimistic present. Americans, most notably, are free from past sins. The term ‘sin’ does not denote spiritual burden from past but it is a term that is subjective (Keenan 37). Benjamin Franklin was considered to the â€Å"Founding Father† and a model of national character for

Gemini Telescope And The Supernova Legacy Survey Essay

Gemini Telescope And The Supernova Legacy Survey - Essay Example The Gemini telescope has been used by the partner countries as a tool of astronomical research. It provides world-class observing equipment of the skies for the astronomers. Each country in the partnership is awarded observational time depending on the scientific merit and contribution towards the operation of the machine. The telescopes incorporate advanced technology in order to produce high quality of images. This includes the use of adaptive optics, laser guide stars, multi-object spectroscopy, and multi-conjugate adaptive optics. In addition, the telescope is made using a silver coating that is essential for the protection of the primary and secondary mirror. The location of the telescopes provides superb viewing conditions of the sky. The telescope system has low emissivity coatings and an effective mirror cleaning program. These enable the machine to pick clear images. Each Gemini telescope has an adaptive optics setup further adding to the quality of images that the center captures. The telescopes can perform long-slit spectroscopy, multi-object spectroscopy, integral field spectroscopy and imaging at optical wavelengths. Infrared optimization and silver coating allow clear observations at the middle of the infrared spectrum. Proximity to infrared spectrograph boosts the sensitivity for point object and sources. The instrument is also known as a Multi-Conjugate optics adaptive system. It employs five guide stars to provide clarity over a large area captured. The guide stars are artificially made by laser (Simons 123). A fundamental discovery that has been made by the Gemini Observatory telescope is a multi-planet system around a star. Images from the Gemini observatory helped the international team to discover two of the planets in the year 2007 (Howell 1191).